Concept sourcebook edward t white pdf

See all books authored by Edward T. Ebay currently does not have any either. Stephenie meyer has made him into a boy. WHITE 2. An lntroduction to Architectural wmub. Concept sourcebook: a vocabulary of architectural forms by Edward T White Book 21 editions published between 19in 3 languages and held by WorldCat member libraries worldwide Introduction to architectural programming by Edward T White Book. Pseudonym or Email Address.

Sign In. Forgot your password? White Pengarang: White, Edward T. Another master of diagramming concepts clearly. Site Analysis - Edward t White[1] Enviado por dvallejoa. White Site Analysis-James A. LaGro, Jr. Concept Sourcebook-Edward T. White Tort Law in America-G. Edward White G. Edward White's 'Tort Law in America' is regarded as a standard in the field.

Concept Sourcebook. Report this file. Description sumber concept Account Login. We just share the information for a better world. Let's fight back coronavirus. For the seasoned practitioner, it will refresh the imagina-tion, provide outstanding new tools for design, and resharpen existing tools. For the novice, it will fur-nish the elements of a personal design method. Other categorizations are according to history, theory, and design style in architecture and interior design. Concept Sourcebook By Edward T.

The page you are attempting to access contains content that is not intended for underage readers. Wolfgang F. Preiser, Harvey Z. Jurisdiction is normally a matter If we require a more accurate record of ahead to the project in deciding about of finding out whether the site i s inside the site contours, we must conduct a the appropriateness and value of the or outside of the city limits.

Sometimes formal topographic survey. Projected changes in this infor- sloped and flat areas involve direct ob- and bearing capacity. Sometimes the mation require conversations with our servation and recording the informa- soils test is not done until after sche- client, the appropriate jurisdictional tion on the contour map. This is especially true for large observation.

Drainage patterns will sites where only a small percentage of are responsible for the covenants and always be perpendicular to the site restrictions. Soils tests contour lines. In addition, we should are normally paid for by the client and 5. Natural Physical Features look for major and minor drainage col- are conducted by a soils engineer or a The majority of the information in this lectors in the valleys of the site. These testing laboratory. Man-made Features topographic survey showing site con- On site features are normally included Permanent bodies of standing or mov- tours.

These would include Topographic contours are included in contour map. The edge of this water such items as buildings, walls, retain- the property survey done by the survey will obviously be one of the contour ing walls, ramadas, fences, playfields engineer. Depending on how con- lines and one of the low edges of the and courts, patios, plazas, drives, toured our site is, the intervals may site.

O n very Existing natural features on the site in- poles, hydrants and bus stop shelters. Where we are in- and recording over the contour map. Where exact location terested only in a general feeling about Where precise location of these is im- is not crucial, their size and location the slope of the site we may do so by portant we should measure their posi- may be estimated from an aerial pho- standing at the four corners of the tion in relation to some site reference tograph ofthe site.

We are interested in who circu- the city and the major street system. If these are not available we where their traffic originates and where rival and departure and probable gen- may need to actually measure the it terminates.

These concepts should be documented on separate diagrams to and egress from our site can be site can be done by sketching or pho- projected by considering all the circu- tography together with 'notes that rec- using the existing patterns as an initial graphic framework. This begins to enter the ord our observations and judgments. It realm of design decision but? We must walk the site and and details.

There may also be reports ning or transportation street load pat- record the time it takes to cross it. We already done about historic areas terns, etc. The municipal planning depart- Adjacent and nearby parking requires travel times. Where the situation i s particularly complicated we may 8.

Utilities Circulation start our analysis with an aerial photo- Documentation of all utility informa- Documentation of all streets, roads, al- graph. Often these companies can under previous site data categories. This should also in- tion. We need to verify with each utility clude direct observation for the that these drawings are current and Data concerning the pedestrian net- specific locations of stops and shelters accurate.

Sensory this is relatively inefficient and may not All information about views on and produce a real consensus of the neigh- around our site requires direct observa- borhood value system. We may use photographs and sketches to assist in this regard. Human and cultural considerations can extend beyond the immediate site Noise data can be collected by direct to political processes, city wide issues experience on the site with the use of regarding the project and similar fac- sensing equipment and by studying tors.

The inclusion or exclusion of noise related data in other information these issues in our contextual analysis categories traffic, surrounding uses, depends on our view of the meaning of etc. It is important to document noise "project context. Climate All climate data is usually available Odors, smoke and other pollutants re- from the local weather service. There quire direct observation and experi- are also weather profiles for different ence on the site.

Where pollution is locations which are published by the large in scale, aerial photographs may armed services and by universities. It is help in studying source and direction. These individuals may work at night, etc, i s also important. Human and Cultural or armed service base. A considerable amount of data can be The analysis of all eleven data classifica- obtained from census statistics on the tions should include future projections to neighborhood.

This information is the extent that they can be made. It may be useful to discuss the human and cul- tural neighborhood factors with repre- sentatives of the neighborhood associ- ations or with social service and recrea- tional agencies, retail, religious andlor educational services that operate in or for the neighborhood population. As previously discussed, there are at least two ways of approaching the dia- gramming of contextual information.

One involves an integration of thediagrams into one composite graphic form. The other separates each contextual fact onto a sepa- rate diagram. The composite or integrated approach attempts to state all the site data on one drawing to emphasize the total situation and to sensitize us to the rela- G..

This drawing is normally relatively large in scale to avoid graphic clutter. The poten- tial difficulty with the drawing is that it may become too complex and confusing. This i s particularly true for a complex site. When we approach our contextual analysis i n this way we should be sure to maintain a sense of clarity and hierarchy in our graphics to ensure that the major site issues are given the major graphic em- phasis in the diagrams.

The referent drawing is re- peated as many times as we have data to present. This more "itemized" approach helps us to avoid overlooking a site factor. Further, it allows each piece of contextual data a clear uncluttered expression.

Because each diagram has its own referent drawing L.. A we have the flexibility of shifting the re- ferent from plan to perspectivetosection or elevation depending on the type of infor- mation being diagrammed. It permits us to think in terms of optimum site concept responses to each site factor when we begin schematic design.

The potential dif- ficulty with this technique is that a piece- meal approach to the graphic recording of data may foster a piecemeal approach to design. In deciding whether to diagram in the integrated or segregated mode we should think about how we design and which of these approaches fits most com- fortably with the way wetend to concep- tualize our project.

Because it more clearly illustrates the dif- ferent ways to diagram site data we will use the segregated approach to discuss some techniques of contextual diagramming. Even if we eventually integrate these dia- grams into one drawing, we may want to the site data during collection sepa- rately because this allows us to use smaller, more convenient referent drawings during the on site analysis.

Referent drawings may be plans, sec- Depending on how far reaching geograph- As we will see, "purity" in the use of the tions, perspectives, isometrics or ele- ically a particular site factor is, our referent integrated or the segregated approach is vations.

The choice of which of these drawing will extend a greater or lesser dis- not an issue. We may separate data dia- to use relates to the typeof data we are 'awe beyond our actual site. If we are grammatically in the integrated approach recording and how best to view it as a discussing the re- and integrate certain data on a single re- site force top view, perspective view, ferent drawing may extend several blocks. The sizes of the The referent drawings over which we dia- referent drawings depend on the complex- gram the site issues may occur in several ity of the diagrams we will be making forms and at several scales.

They will also and the extent to which we may want to contain differentamountsofdetaildepend- miniaturize the diagrams for convenience ing on the contextual information being in data collection or for presentation. A large percentage of site data seems to be -I L planpriented. Normally, a typical referent 5hd drawing i n plan w i l l include the, site boundaries and street pattern immediately adjacent to the site.

We must be sure to make the referent drawing as simple as possible keeping in mind that the data to be recorded over it must be graphically bolder and more important than the referent in- formation.

II II""-' If we are using line for the referent drawing the line weight should be very light. The YPfrenf referent must alwavs be in the background graphically in our contextual analysis. We are then ready to diagram the site issues. Our diagrammatic forms must be able to record and express both the visible and the invisible forcest Pressures, prob- Some example diagrammatic forms are tions and alternatives.

The examples will show possibilities as well as opportunities to We are also interested in diagramming fu- Some typical ways of diagrammatically create combinationsand synthesesof these ture or potential contextual issues. If the diagrams are to be viewed by others we may spend some time fine tuning our graphics. When first learning to diagram it is a good idea to refine and simplify all of our work until we develop an ability to diagram with effective, simplified forms in making our initial fact collection sketches.

Refinement involves making the dia- grammatic forms as communicative as possible while simplification i s con- cerned with the process of subtracting any extraneous graphic information from the diagrams. Diagrammatic refinement should thoroughly evaluate each visual charac- teristic of each graphic element in the dia- gram todetermine if it can be improved. Improvement i s essentially toward strengthening the meaning transfer be- tween what the diaeram i s savine, " visu- ally and what t h e i i t e fact i s saying contextually.

Refinement can also involve the streamlin- ing of the graphics simply for the sake of better graphics. In this case we attempt to elevate the qual- Typical aspects of diagrams that may be ity of the graphic images to upgrade the targets for refinement are presented Qnthe visual competence of the presentation.

These Our goal in simplification is to reduce the just listed and is an integral component of extraneous graphicsdo not contribute diagram to the minimum graphic informa- refinement. When simplifying a diagram we are and often convey inadvertent mes- This reduction helps to ensure that we have interested i n subtracting any elements, sages that are misleading. They cloud a diagram that is more likely to communi- over the essence of the message by cate thedesired information and less likely shapes, wrinkles or relationships that to be misinterpreted.

Some examples of muddle the meaning transfer between producing visual noise. Simply put, graphic emphasis involves making sure that the essence of what we are communicating with the dia- gram receives the strongest expression In contextual analysis, this means that we want the referent drawing to recede into the background graphically and whatever we have diagrammed over the referent the site issue to be the boldest visual aspect in this is accom- I-.

JL The referent drawing is usually made with a thin line and no tonework. Once we realize that the essence of a site - - -"p- - nm2. If we have chosen to use color, we should use the same color to code the essence of all our escalate the boldness of our diagrams as much as we want as long as the relative strength of the essence of the diagrams diagrams.

That color should remain the dominates the graphics. If we have begun to use a particular color to code the key points of our diagrams we should not create confusion by shifting the use of the color around from meaning to meaning.

The essence of pattern i s consistency and once we have educated the eye t o look for a color or tone to signal the essence of the diagram's meaning, i t becomes extremely confusing and an- noying t o have that pattern change arbitrarily. It is of value to graphically code the site factors which we feel are of particular im- portance or which may have significant form giving implications in design. This may be done with dots, frames around important diagrams or other graphic means.

We do, however, need to write sufficient notes on the diagrams to ensure that the site factors are communi- cated clearly. This is more critical when the diagrams are not only for ourselves but for someone else as well another designer, client, etc.

Even when the diagrams are only for ourselves i t is valuable t o compose our thoughts about particular site condi- tions succinctly and clearly. Notes on the diagrams should be related to the graphics as systematically as possible. The diagrams need to be titled and labeled. JUUCfEf atk t k trle tdk of diagrams and to the entire analysis.

Usu- ally the order of importance from greatest to 1east runsfrom titles to labels to notes. The next step is to put the diagrams into some meaningful order. This i s a valuable operation for us as designers because it will give us the opportunity to establish a sense of hierarchy and depen- dency among the issues we have collected and recorded. It is not only valuable but mandatory that we organize our diagrams if we are to communicate them to someone else.

As in any organizational task our first effort must be to define the ways in which the organization may occur. There are usually several techniques avail- able in organizing any set of elements and this is true for site data as well. Once we have our data, we need to decide whether these labels still represent the most meaningful and appropriate headings for our information.

These are the "givens" in the project from the site point of view and are not open to interpretation or conjec- ture. This method of organization also identifies the soft data that is not quantita- tive and that is available for interpretation by us as designers. The advantage here is that the more detailed level is provided an in- formational context by the general level.

Our knowledge of the site and this simulation of potential influ- Site drainage patterns are governed by or de- pendent upon the site contours as are views from the site when the site has significant high points. This method of arranging our diagrams requires that we first study the dependencies between the various site characteristicsand then arrange them from most governing to most governed.

This or- ganizing approach achieves a sense of log- ical site data sequence by always present- ing information within which or out of which other information emerges or finds validity.

The earlier information provides a framework for discussing the later informa- tion. We find in this technique that some site information happens in tandem in a series of related and interdependent dia- grams while other site information has no obvious relationships and may be pre- sented independently. We might find it beneficial to quickly try each of these organizational approaches to see which seems to fit our project situation best.

We may discover significant overlap and similarity in the site fact displays that the various approaches show us. It could prove advantageous to adopt a hybrid of these ordering techniques. Each of the ways of organizing site information provides us with different labeling svstems which in turn influ- ence o;r h e w of the site and contex- tual issues.

We very much predispose ourselves to certain attitudes, expecta- tions and vocabularies of design re- sponses by the way we organize our site information. It may be difficult to sense the influence of fact labels on eventual design solutions but this connection is definitely present in any project.

Our interpretation of the diagrams is structured by the way we have organized the information. As we will see in "Inter- preting the Diagrams," the first level of interpretation happens not in terms of indi- vidual site facts but in terms of patterns and densities of information occurring as a re- sult of our chosen labeling system.

The formats for actually packaging and delivering the site diagrams where this must bedone mav ranae from slides. We should study the common methods for packaging the dia- terms of potential design responses, presentation situation in terms of our con- grams are on a single board or sheet or on tent, audience, purpose, location and tim- cards 3x5 or 5x8. Being able to see all The following page illustratessome sample ing to determine the most appropriate de- the diagrams together provides us with layout approaches for board or sheet,pres- livery form for the information.

The most some interpretive clues when we are ready entations. The first i s the overall pattern and density of the diagrams as we perceive them as a total on the sheet. The second is the potential meaning ofsetsofdiagrams that deal with a particular issue category Sensory, Neigh- borhood or that comprise a network of issues that transcend issue categories tree patterns in relation to the framing of views into the site.

The third is the interpretation ern dnd d e w 9 on the dia mrrl 4et4 ov of each individual diagram or site fact.

We are trying t o convert data into information. As we were gathering the data and dia- gramming it, we probably thought of pos- sible design concepts for dealing with the various site conditions. This anticipa- tion i s very much a design act since i t results i n a set of attitudes or postures about dealing with the siteand helps us to formulate our strategy for coping with the site conditions in design.

We can interpret several things from the patterns of the diagrams on our sheet. At this level of interpretation each diagram acts as a vote.

In a sense, the density of the diagrams provides a prelimi- nary indication of "where the action is" on the site. The density probably represents our depth of involvement in the issues and our sense of the relative importance of the site facts. We tend to spend more time elaborating on rich and potentially impor- tant site information and not too much time on issues that we do not feel hold much promise as major form givers. At this level of interpretation we must be alertto the fact that some site information areas simply have more subheadings even though they may be relatively unimportant as influ- ences on form.

A very fruitful exercise, once the dia- grams are complete and organized, is to look for new networks or sets of site issues that may create meaningful clus- ters of site information. By creatively reassembling site issues we provide ourselves the potential for creative re- sponses and solutions to those clusters.

This process involves checking each site diagram against each of the others to see if there i s some possible meaningful relation- ship between the two that we did not per- ceive before. This interpre- tation does not give us the specific solution to that situation but it does give us a situa- tional target to strive for in our design deci- sion making. If our interpretation of the diagram networks can help us establish those beacons toward which to work our concepts, it will have served as a key point in our progress toward the eventual design.

The most common level of interpretation in which we engage is that of the individual site fact and diagram sets within an issue category Climate, Legal, etc. Some examples of these are presented on the following pages.

An overview of the site information 2. Site size in relation to the functional 3. There may be a strong mandate from together with our perceptions of the spaces to be placed on the property the building forms that surround our actual site tell us whether the site is a tells US whether we are working with a property for a particular range of stylis- demanding one or not.

If there are tight or loose building to site situation. Where there is a coherent ambi- lenge in terms of their size, intensity, tions multi-story building and parking ence to respect scale, materials, land- value or other quality, we are alerted to and the need toorchestrate the residual scaping, land use density, use of open that fact in interpreting them and can site space to maximum advantage.

There are some sites which are particularly appropriate. Where we have one of these we know that the principal form giving issues will have to come from some- thing in the project situation other than site. Other sites may provide single or multiple aspects, intensely positive or negative influences, which can give us a place to start in our thinking about placement of functions on the site. Site contours may be very pronounced 5. Adjacent street and vehicular traffic 6. Adjacent roads or neighboring func- prompting the anticipation of a stilt patterns usually dictate where we can tions may be such negative influences building or a significant degreeof earth best bring vehicles onto our property.

Some- ing access-egress to and from major buffer zones between the negative in- times contours and other surface fea- streets, using minor streets for a safer, fluences and our project. We may flattest area; parking on low end to utilize alley ways as vehicular distribu- avoid drainage problems with build- tion edges when possible.

To avoid ex- ing; building on high land to avoid tensive on site paving of distribution drainage problems and allow slope re- roads, the vehicular entry-exit point quired to connect building with sewer normally dictates the general location utility. The yearly weather conditions may be 8. Because the area cannot be used for In the interest of economy, we may such that they prompt some form giv- our building, large setback dimensions want to place our building near the ing concepts.

Good weather may may often be used for outdoor activity edge of the site where utilities are suggest an open, vulnerable, porous areas and parking. Severe heat or cold might suggest a more defensive posture such as burying the building, aiming its most vulnerable facade at the least prob- lematic orientation, berming, placing the building on the side of the slope that provides the most protection, or using a roof form that can shed great amounts of water in a short time.

Large amounts of rainfall suggest the deslgn of a total water handling network to systematically get the water off the roof and stored or off the site with minimal potential damage to our site and neighboring property.

Building height limitations and other restrictions resulting from codes and deeds will establish overall massing constraints and oftentimes image vo- cabularies for our building. We can see from these examples that interpreting the diagrams in our site analysis is essentially a process of using the site information to stimulate design thinking and to permit the tentative exploration of conceptual responses to that information. Using the partial analysis of a site and the task of designing a new nursery school, the next few pages illustrate how site de- sign vignettes can be stimulated in re- sponse to individual site factors and condi- tions.

These site design vignettes can then serve to evoke concepts for arranging all the client's activities and spaces on the property. Both the individual site design vignettes and comprehensive site arrangement con- cepts are drawn from our past experience as designers and our vocabulary of site design ideas that we carry with us from project to project. These ideas are "called up" or triggered from memory by analyz- ing the various site conditions through diagramming. The more extensive the vocabulary of candidate design ideas we have to draw upon for appropriately re- sponding to site conditions, the more likely we are to produce a successful site plan and building design.

The amount of time we devote to the analysis is, of course, dependent upon the time available as determined by office budget and due dates. Under the pressure of time we should always choose thoroughness over presentation if something must be sac- rificed. It is more important to give ourselves a complete understanding of the site situa- tion than to produce finished diagrams of high graphic quality. The relative formality of our diagrams and presentations is determined by the users of the information.

If wearedoing the contex- tual analysis for ourselves it can be very informal and unpolished. Our diagrams can be quick and need not be refined be- yond the first efforts which initially record the information. If the site is to be a particu- larly complex, political, difficult or public issue we may want to document our analysis in a more formal, organized and finished manner because of the relatively demanding communication situation.

It is particularly useful to analyze our site just prior to embarking on the generation of site zoning concepts. Then we are able to concerns through contextual analysis can individual building spaces to their most take immediate advantage of the catalytic stimulate ideas about the optimum place- advantageous positions on the site receiv- role of the analysis process in triggering mentofmajorsiteelements building,park- ing off service alley, lobby off major design ideas.

An intense engagement of site ing, etc. The analytical technique in these situations does not change from that already discussed. In addi- tion to the photographic essay which cap- tures theessential ambience on and around our site, photographs can also be used to record all the factual data discussed earlier in this chapter.

Aerial photos can be used together with notes and superimposed graphics to call attention to particular site aspects. This can be done using the com- posite approach synthesis of information over one large photograph or the segre- gated approach useof several smaller pho- tographs over which to record separate items of information.

In both these approaches the photo- graphs serve as graphic referents, and as such should be graphically subordi- nated to thediagrams made over them. This can be accomplished by screeningihe photographs down to a light gray value range through offset printing or by using especially strong and contrasting dia- grammatic techniques over undoctored photographs.

Photo- graphs are effective in presenting views to our site from various approach directions and for recording significant existing build- ing forms and details in the neighborhood.

Where a lengthy street elevation of a series of buildings is important we may patch several photographs together to record the entire elevation as a whole similar to the approach used for the view wheel. MODELS Contextual models are three-dimensional presentation techniques which normally use the composite approach of superim- posing all the site information over one referent base model.

This method is par- ticularly effective where there are impor- tant three-dimensional situations on or around the site that would be difficult to present o i understand two-dimensionally.

Pronounced land contours, unusual drain- age patterns, rock outcroppings and impor- tant existing architectural forms are all candidates for presentation by contextual model. Actually, much of the information about the site may still be presented two- dimensionally i n the form of diagrams applied to or floating slightly above the contour model, Issues such as boundaries, setbacks, traffic noise and wind can be portrayed diagrammatically directly on the surface of the contour model or on cardboard cutouts applied to the model.

Trees, rocks, man-made objects, structures and sun angles can all be depicted in model form. A significant advantage of using the contextual model i s that it may be used as a base model for studying and pre- senting our site concept and building design.

If this is our plan we should be sure to photograph the contextual model before removing any diagrammatic information and be sure to have made the model at the appropriate scale. It may beof value in later explaining the reasons for our design to leave the diagrammatic site information on the base model together with our design model.

This is a very effective way of illus- trating why our buildingdesign is the way it is and why we feel it is an appropriate response to existing site conditions. MOVIES The movie is sometimes a tempting contex- tual analysis technique although for many of us not a very accessible one.

Movies are especially appropriate for presenting kinesthetic aspects of our site. Movement to, through, from and past the site, view panoramas, traffic patterns, shadow patterns and sun angles are all appropriately presented through movies. They are, however, an extremely ef- presentation mode i s the interior space an existing building. Listed below are the fective way of presenting contextual analysis. A hypothetical space Transparent overlays offer the advantages piece of land.

The major fact categor- has been used to illustrate the information. Location a. Location of the buiiding in the city or neighborhood. Position of the space in the build- ing. Read reviews from the world's informative post find here largest community for readers To introduce additional hints the beginning architecture student to some of the concerns of building design To promote beginning designer confidence in his ability to competently respond to project needs with building form To this post offer an efficient way for the design student concept like it sourcebook a vocabulary of architectural forms to accumulate go a vocabulary of architectural forms and concepts Additional Physical check this Format: Print like this weblink version White, Edward T.

Concept sourcebook:. Read honest and Full Article unbiased product More hints reviews from concept sourcebook a vocabulary of that site see post architectural web link forms our users. White More Help site link - concept sourcebook a vocabulary of architectural forms useful site helpful hints Concept Sourcebook - A Vocabulary special info of Architectural Forms.

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